FreeBSD配置防火墙开启SSH服务的方法

1、配置FreeBSD 防火墙
ee /etc/rc.conf #编辑，在最后添加
firewall_enable="yes" #开启防火墙
net.inet.ip.fw.verbose=1 #启用防火墙日志功能
net.inet.ip.fw.verbose_limit=5 #启用防火墙日志功能
natd_enable="YES" # 开启防火墙NAT功能
natd_interface="rl0"
natd_flags="-dynamic -m"
firewall_script="/etc/ipfw.rules" #自定义防火墙规则路径
按esc，回车，再按a保存配置
2、添加防火墙规则

ee /etc/ipfw.rules #编辑防火墙规则，添加以下代码

#!/bin/sh################ Start of IPFW rules file ####################### Flush out the list before we begin.ipfw -q -f flush# Set rules command prefixcmd="ipfw -q add"skip="skipto 800"pif="rl0" # public interface name of NIC # facing the public Internet################################################################## No restrictions on Inside LAN Interface for private network# Change xl0 to your LAN NIC interface name#################################################################$cmd 005 allow all from any to any via xl0################################################################## No restrictions on Loopback Interface#################################################################$cmd 010 allow all from any to any via lo0################################################################## check if packet is inbound and nat address if it is#################################################################$cmd 014 divert natd ip from any to any in via $pif################################################################## Allow the packet through if it has previous been added to the# the "dynamic" rules table by a allow keep-state statement.#################################################################$cmd 015 check-state################################################################## Interface facing Public Internet (Outbound Section)# Check session start requests originating from behind the# firewall on the private network or from this gateway server# destined for the public Internet.################################################################## Allow out access to my ISP's Domain name server.# x.x.x.x must be the IP address of your ISP's DNS# Dup these lines if your ISP has more than one DNS server# Get the IP addresses from /etc/resolv.conf file$cmd 020 $skip tcp from any to x.x.x.x 53 out via $pif setup keep-state# Allow out access to my ISP's DHCP server for cable/DSL configurations.$cmd 030 $skip udp from any to x.x.x.x 67 out via $pif keep-state# Allow out non-secure standard www function$cmd 040 $skip tcp from any to any 80 out via $pif setup keep-state# Allow out secure www function https over TLS SSL$cmd 050 $skip tcp from any to any 443 out via $pif setup keep-state# Allow out send & get email function$cmd 060 $skip tcp from any to any 25 out via $pif setup keep-state$cmd 061 $skip tcp from any to any 110 out via $pif setup keep-state# Allow out FreeBSD (make install & CVSUP) functions# Basically give user root "GOD" privileges.$cmd 070 $skip tcp from me to any out via $pif setup keep-state uid root# Allow out ping$cmd 080 $skip icmp from any to any out via $pif keep-state# Allow out Time$cmd 090 $skip tcp from any to any 37 out via $pif setup keep-state# Allow out nntp news (i.e. news groups)$cmd 100 $skip tcp from any to any 119 out via $pif setup keep-state# Allow out secure FTP, Telnet, and SCP# This function is using SSH (secure shell)$cmd 110 $skip tcp from any to any 22 out via $pif setup keep-state# Allow out whois$cmd 120 $skip tcp from any to any 43 out via $pif setup keep-state# Allow ntp time server$cmd 130 $skip udp from any to any 123 out via $pif keep-state################################################################## Interface facing Public Internet (Inbound Section)# Check packets originating from the public Internet# destined for this gateway server or the private network.################################################################## Deny all inbound traffic from non-routable reserved address spaces#$cmd 300 deny all from 192.168.0.0/16 to any in via $pif #RFC 1918 private IP$cmd 301 deny all from 172.16.0.0/12 to any in via $pif #RFC 1918 private IP$cmd 302 deny all from 10.0.0.0/8 to any in via $pif #RFC 1918 private IP$cmd 303 deny all from 127.0.0.0/8 to any in via $pif #loopback$cmd 304 deny all from 0.0.0.0/8 to any in via $pif #loopback$cmd 305 deny all from 169.254.0.0/16 to any in via $pif #DHCP auto-config$cmd 306 deny all from 192.0.2.0/24 to any in via $pif #reserved for docs$cmd 307 deny all from 204.152.64.0/23 to any in via $pif #Sun cluster$cmd 308 deny all from 224.0.0.0/3 to any in via $pif #Class D & E multicast# Deny ident$cmd 315 deny tcp from any to any 113 in via $pif# Deny all Netbios service. 137=name, 138=datagram, 139=session# Netbios is MS/Windows sharing services.# Block MS/Windows hosts2 name server requests 81$cmd 320 deny tcp from any to any 137 in via $pif$cmd 321 deny tcp from any to any 138 in via $pif$cmd 322 deny tcp from any to any 139 in via $pif$cmd 323 deny tcp from any to any 81 in via $pif# Deny any late arriving packets$cmd 330 deny all from any to any frag in via $pif# Deny ACK packets that did not match the dynamic rule table$cmd 332 deny tcp from any to any established in via $pif# Allow traffic in from ISP's DHCP server. This rule must contain# the IP address of your ISP's DHCP server as it's the only# authorized source to send this packet type.# Only necessary for cable or DSL configurations.# This rule is not needed for 'user ppp' type connection to# the public Internet. This is the same IP address you captured# and used in the outbound section.$cmd 360 allow udp from x.x.x.x to any 68 in via $pif keep-state# Allow in standard www function because I have Apache server$cmd 370 allow tcp from any to me 80 in via $pif setup limit src-addr 2# Allow in secure FTP, Telnet, and SCP from public Internet$cmd 380 allow tcp from any to me 22 in via $pif setup limit src-addr 2# Allow in non-secure Telnet session from public Internet# labeled non-secure because ID & PW are passed over public# Internet as clear text.# Delete this sample group if you do not have telnet server enabled.$cmd 390 allow tcp from any to me 23 in via $pif setup limit src-addr 2# Reject & Log all unauthorized incoming connections from the public Internet$cmd 400 deny log all from any to any in via $pif# Reject & Log all unauthorized out going connections to the public Internet$cmd 450 deny log all from any to any out via $pif# This is skipto location for outbound stateful rules$cmd 800 divert natd ip from any to any out via $pif$cmd 801 allow ip from any to any# Everything else is denied by default# deny and log all packets that fell through to see what they are$cmd 999 deny log all from any to any################ End of IPFW rules file ###############################

备注：参数说明：
#$cmd 300 deny all from 192.168.0.0/16 to any in via $pif #RFC 1918 private IP
我的IP地址是192.168.21.173，是属于192.168.0.0/16 IP段，所以这里要注释掉这一行，允许连接外网，否则主机无法联网。
$cmd 380 allow tcp from any to me 22 in via $pif setup limit src-addr 2
是开启SSH默认端口22
3、重启网络服务，使防火墙规则生效

/etc/netstart #重启网络
/etc/rc.d/ipfw start #开启防火墙
ipfw disable firewall #关闭防火墙
ipfw enable firewall #开启防火墙
/etc/rc.d/ipfw restart #重启防火墙
sh /etc/ipfw.rules #使防火墙规则生效
4、开启SSH服务
（1）ee /etc/inetd.conf #编辑，去掉sshd前面的#
ssh stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/sshd sshd -i -4
（2）ee /etc/rc.conf #编辑，在最后添加
sshd_enable="yes"
（3）ee /etc/ssh/sshd_config #编辑配置文件
PermitRootLogin yes #允许root登录
PasswordAuthentication yes #使用密码验证
PermitEmptyPasswords no #不允许空密码登录
/etc/rc.d/sshd start #启动ssh服务
/etc/rc.d/sshd restart #重启ssh
配置完成，现在已经可以使用Putty等远程连接工具连接服务器了。
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扩展阅读：
有两种加载自定义 ipfw 防火墙规则的方法。
其一是将变量 firewall_type 设为包含不带 ipfw(8) 命令行选项的 防火墙规则 文件的完整路径。
例如：
add allow in
add allow out
firewall_type="open"参数说明
open ── 允许所有流量通过。
client ── 只保护本机。
simple ── 保护整个网络。
closed ── 完全禁止除回环设备之外的全部 IP 流量。
UNKNOWN ── 禁止加载防火墙规则。
filename ── 到防火墙规则文件的绝对路径。
IPFW防火墙规则集样例在这两个文件中
/etc/rc.firewall
/etc/rc.firewall6
除此之外， 也可以将 firewall_script 变量设为包含 ipfw 命令的可执行脚本， 这样这个脚本会在启动时自动执行。
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